During the seminar, the topic of the international treaty for the prevention of and response to global epidemics was examined in depth, with particular attention to the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health. The first presentation, by Prof. Mirko Sossai, illustrated how, drawing from the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, some European states have promoted the initiation of a multilateral negotiation under the aegis of the World Health Organization (WHO), aiming to define a binding agreement to strengthen the prevention and management of global health emergencies. Simultaneously, the revision of the International Health Regulations—a fundamental tool for coordinating the global response to health crises—was launched, with a new version approved in 2024.Professor Sossai explained that the WHO has various normative instruments, including multilateral treaties, binding regulations, and non-binding guidelines. The pandemic treaty specifically aims to strengthen international cooperation on crucial issues such as the development of national plans, financing resilient health systems, research and development, and the equitable sharing of resources—particularly the genetic sequences of pathogens, which is a central topic for pandemic preparedness and response. The second presentation, delivered by researcher Sabrina Tranquilli, highlighted the main challenges that arise in the practical implementation of these instruments, particularly from financial and organizational perspectives. Many states, in fact, express concerns about the high costs associated with the new measures, especially regarding the sharing of pathogens, which is considered complex and costly. At the national level, it was highlighted that health planning is still often weak and generic, lacking standardized operational protocols and effective coordination among the various administrations involved, such as local health authorities (ASLs) and border authorities, particularly those at ports and airports. This deficiency hinders the capacity for an integrated response to health emergencies, making greater harmonization with European and international regulations necessary.